N Bit Adder Subtractor Vhdl Code For Serial Adder High Quality

N Bit Adder Subtractor Vhdl Code For Serial Adder High Quality

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The adder is working as it should but the subtractor isn't and I can't really see what the problem is since I've checked the expression and it is correct, but when I simulate it seems like the subtraction part isn't working at all...

I'm trying to implement a serial adder/subtractor in VHDL, I've done it the ripple carry way before but now I'm supposed to implement the same functionality by just using one full adder cell instead of N-amount of cells so I have to shift the bits from the vectors in to the full adder/subtractor and store the result in another vector which I just shift the index for as well... The logic behind it is very easily understood, you just have a counter for the index and so on. But I obviously encounter problems since I'm probably still thinking a bit too much software programming I guess...

This example describes a two input 4-bit adder/subtractor design in VHDL. The design unit multiplexes add and subtract operations with an OP input. 0 input produce adder output and 1 input produce subtractor output.

The circuit consists of 4 full adders since we are performing operations on 4-bit numbers. There is a control line K that holds a binary value of either 0 or 1 which determines that the operation is carried out is addition or subtraction.

As shown in the figure, the first full adder has a control line directly as its input(input carry Cin), The input A0 (The least significant bit of A) is directly input in the full adder. The third input is the exor of B0 and K. The two outputs produced are Sum/Difference (S0) and Carry (C0).

The adder produce carry propagation delay while performing other arithmetic operations like multiplication and divisions as it uses several additions or subtraction steps. This is a major problem for the adder and hence improving the speed of addition will improve the speed of all other arithmetic operations. Hence reducing the carry propagation delay of adders is of great importance. There are different logic design approaches that have been employed to overcome the carry propagation problem. One widely used approach is to employ a carry look-ahead which solves this problem by calculating the carry signals in advance, based on the input signals. This type of adder circuit is called a carry look-ahead adder.

In ripple carry adders, for each adder block, the two bits that are to be added are available instantly. However, each adder block waits for the carry to arrive from its previous block. So, it is not possible to generate the sum and carry of any block until the input carry is known. The block waits for the block to produce its carry. So there will be a considerable time delay which is carry propagation delay.

Consider the above 4-bit ripple carry adder. The sum is produced by the corresponding full adder as soon as the input signals are applied to it. But the carry input is not available on its final steady-state value until carry is available at its steady-state value. Similarly depends on and on . Therefore, though the carry must propagate to all the stages in order that output and carry settle their final steady-state value.

The propagation time is equal to the propagation delay of each adder block, multiplied by the number of adder blocks in the circuit. For example, if each full adder stage has a propagation delay of 20 nanoseconds, then will reach its final correct value after 60 (20 3) nanoseconds. The situation gets worse, if we extend the number of stages for adding more number of bits.

Carry Look-ahead Adder : A carry look-ahead adder reduces the propagation delay by introducing more complex hardware. In this design, the ripple carry design is suitably transformed such that the carry logic over fixed groups of bits of the adder is reduced to two-level logic. Let us discuss the design in detail.

The complexity arises from the part that generates the carry, not the circuit that adds the bits. Now, for the generation of the carry bit, we need to perform a AND between (n+1) inputs. The complexity of the adder comes down to how we perform this AND operation. If we have AND gates, each with a fan-in (number of inputs accepted) of k, then we can find the AND of all the bits in time. This is represented in asymptotic notation as .

A Parallel Subtractor is a digital circuit capable of finding the arithmetic difference of two binary numbers that is greater than one bit in length by operating on corresponding pairs of bits in parallel. The parallel subtractor can be designed in several ways including combination of half and full subtractors, all full subtractors or all full adders with subtrahend complement input.

A 4-bit serial adder circuit consists of two 4-bit shift registers with parallel load, a full adder, and a D-type flip-flop for storing carry-out. A simplified schematics of the circuit is shown below:

In order to load registers A_REG and B_REG with numbers, shift capability of the registers should be disabled and loading mode should be enabled. Loading of numbers from inputs A, B to registers A_REG, B_REG occurs in one clock cycle. After loading registers with numbers, shifting mode should be enabled to perform the arithmetic operation. The addition of numbers stored in A_REG and B_REG requires 4 cycles. Starting with the least significant bit, at each cycle one bit of number A and one bit of number B are being added. The sum is stored at the most significant bit of register A_REG. Carry-out output produced after each cycle is fed back to the full adder as a carry-in of the next significant bit. For this purpose one D-type flip-flop is used as a temporary storage element. The least significant bit of B_REG is fed to the input of the most significant bit of B_REG. Hence the circuit performs rotation operation for register B_REG.

In order to overcome this, you should create a symbol for the full adder module by going to \"Sources\" -> \"Implementation\" and choosing the \"FA - FullAdder\" line under \"FourBitSerialAdderSubtractor\" top design. After selecting it, expand \"Design Utilities\" section and press on \"Create Schematic Symbol\". The procedure is shown below:

\"Sum\" and \"CarryOut\" are part of the full adder circuit. Number \"B\" is rotated in register B_Reg. Simulation using \"FourBitSerialAdderSubtractorSimulation.vhw\" file shows the same behavior as with the schematics version of the project: 1e1e36bf2d